程序员已经进入"后AI时代"！乔治梅森大学教授：模型早就足够强，其他行业却连怎么验收都没解决

TL;DR - Economist Tyler Cowen argues that AI has already transformed programming because software engineering provides immediate, machine-checkable feedback, while adoption elsewhere is constrained by ambiguous evaluation and outdated organizational workflows. The main bottleneck is increasingly the infrastructure and governance around models, not model capability.

• Compilers, tests, logs, version control, and benchmarks let coding agents detect errors, iterate autonomously, and roll back failures.
• Customer service, finance, legal, and healthcare often lack fast, objective acceptance criteria, preventing agents from completing workflows independently.
• Effective deployment requires explicit data access rules, completion criteria, failure signals, audit trails, human handoffs, and rollback paths.
• Adding AI to existing processes may save minutes without improving end-to-end productivity; organizations must redesign workflows, permissions, and accountability.