ESRVS: Extreme Semi-Supervised Retinal Vessel Segmentation with a Single Annotated Image

TL;DR - ESRVS segments retinal vessels using only one manually annotated image, propagating supervision with adapted DINOv3 features and refined pseudo-labels. It approaches fully supervised performance while substantially reducing expert annotation needs.

• Selects a representative image for annotation and builds multi-granular vessel prototypes.
• Combines prototype similarity with a physics-inspired prior, weighted pseudo-label training, and adversarial refinement.
• Achieves the best Dice and clDice on six of eight datasets and the best HD95 on all eight among compared semi-supervised methods.
• Retains 93.7% of fully supervised Dice and 95.1% of clDice on average with Mask2Former.