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High-Order Question Generation in a Multilingual Educational Context

Research LLMs & Foundation Models

Merged summary

TL;DR — This study evaluates how well LLMs generate "high-order" (critical-thinking) questions across Basque, Spanish, and English using two alternative prompting frameworks, showing prompt design and evaluation matter beyond the usual English/Bloom's Taxonomy setup.

  • Introduces prompts grounded in two non-Bloom frameworks—Claim-Evidence-Reasoning and Divergent Questioning—applied in a multilingual (Basque, Spanish, English) educational context.
  • Both an open-source and a proprietary LLM generated answerable questions fairly effectively across all three languages.
  • However, teachers judged only about half of the answerable questions as genuinely high-order, indicating a quality/evaluation gap.
  • The alternative frameworks produced structurally and conceptually varied questions, suggesting they can complement each other and serve as viable alternatives to Bloom's Taxonomy.

Sources (1)

High-Order Question Generation in a Multilingual Educational Context

arXiv cs.CL Suna-Şeyma Uçar, Itziar Aldabe, Nora Aranberri, Orphée De Clercq 2026-07-15 arXiv:2607.13901 doi:10.63317/56rihjwb6jq7

TL;DR — This study evaluates how well LLMs generate "high-order" (critical-thinking) questions across Basque, Spanish, and English using two alternative prompting frameworks, showing prompt design and evaluation matter beyond the usual English/Bloom's Taxonomy setup.

  • Introduces prompts grounded in two non-Bloom frameworks—Claim-Evidence-Reasoning and Divergent Questioning—applied in a multilingual (Basque, Spanish, English) educational context.
  • Both an open-source and a proprietary LLM generated answerable questions fairly effectively across all three languages.
  • However, teachers judged only about half of the answerable questions as genuinely high-order, indicating a quality/evaluation gap.
  • The alternative frameworks produced structurally and conceptually varied questions, suggesting they can complement each other and serve as viable alternatives to Bloom's Taxonomy.
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