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Language Identification via Compositional Data Analysis: A Linear-Time Classifier Based on Log-Ratio Geometry

Research LLMs & Foundation Models

Merged summary

TL;DR - A method for language identification that treats character/bigram frequencies as compositional data, using the centered log-ratio (CLR) transformation for a deterministic, linear-time classifier. It matters as an interpretable, low-resource alternative to neural language ID models.

  • Models unigram and bigram frequency distributions as compositional vectors on the simplex, mapped bijectively via CLR onto the zero-sum subspace where Euclidean distances equal Aitchison distances.
  • Combines CLR-transformed unigram and bigram features with Laplace smoothing to handle sparsity; evaluated on six languages.
  • Reports robust accuracy across text lengths, with stronger performance on longer sequences.
  • Positioned as deterministic and computationally efficient, favoring interpretability and low resource consumption over neural approaches.

Sources (1)

Language Identification via Compositional Data Analysis: A Linear-Time Classifier Based on Log-Ratio Geometry

arXiv cs.CL Paul-Andrei Pogăcean, Sanda-Maria Avram 2026-07-16 arXiv:2607.15238

TL;DR - A method for language identification that treats character/bigram frequencies as compositional data, using the centered log-ratio (CLR) transformation for a deterministic, linear-time classifier. It matters as an interpretable, low-resource alternative to neural language ID models.

  • Models unigram and bigram frequency distributions as compositional vectors on the simplex, mapped bijectively via CLR onto the zero-sum subspace where Euclidean distances equal Aitchison distances.
  • Combines CLR-transformed unigram and bigram features with Laplace smoothing to handle sparsity; evaluated on six languages.
  • Reports robust accuracy across text lengths, with stronger performance on longer sequences.
  • Positioned as deterministic and computationally efficient, favoring interpretability and low resource consumption over neural approaches.
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