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Language models suffer from a curse of ambiguity

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TL;DR - This paper identifies a “curse of ambiguity”: neural networks learn uncertain next-token probability distributions less accurately than concentrated ones. This matters as LLM training increasingly depends on sampling from learned distributions.

  • Ambiguous distributions require greater model capacity and larger embeddings to store and represent accurately.
  • They take more optimization steps to fit and amplify noise during token sampling.
  • Controlled synthetic experiments support the theory, while models trained on real data show similar patterns.
  • The analysis offers a framework for judging when an LLM’s output distribution is trustworthy.

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Language models suffer from a curse of ambiguity

arXiv cs.CL Nicolas Zucchet, Hyun Dong Lee, Scott Linderman 2026-08-15 arXiv:2608.15448
Public signals Semantic Scholar citations 0 · Semantic Scholar influential citations 0
Providers: Hugging Face · N/A OpenAlex · N/A Publisher · N/A Semantic Scholar · Citations 0 · Influential citations 0 X · N/A Fetched 2026-09-12 14:25:35.252758 UTC

TL;DR - This paper identifies a “curse of ambiguity”: neural networks learn uncertain next-token probability distributions less accurately than concentrated ones. This matters as LLM training increasingly depends on sampling from learned distributions.

  • Ambiguous distributions require greater model capacity and larger embeddings to store and represent accurately.
  • They take more optimization steps to fit and amplify noise during token sampling.
  • Controlled synthetic experiments support the theory, while models trained on real data show similar patterns.
  • The analysis offers a framework for judging when an LLM’s output distribution is trustworthy.
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