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On the Principles Behind Neural Network Optimizers

Research Efficiency & Systems

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TL;DR - This thesis develops a theoretical foundation for Adam, explaining its convergence behavior and effectiveness on Transformers. It also introduces Adam-mini, which matches Adam’s performance while reducing optimizer memory by 50%.

  • Adam exhibits a problem-dependent convergence phase transition governed partly by batch-size-dependent hyperparameters and β₂.
  • Transformer Hessians evolve toward near-block-diagonal, highly heterogeneous structures that favor Adam’s diagonal preconditioning.
  • Random matrix theory links this Hessian structure to repeated multiplication of large matrix variables.
  • The findings inform other neural-network optimizers, including Muon.

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On the Principles Behind Neural Network Optimizers

arXiv cs.LG Yushun Zhang 2026-08-17 arXiv:2608.16760
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Providers: Hugging Face · N/A OpenAlex · N/A Publisher · N/A Semantic Scholar · N/A X · N/A Fetched 2026-09-17 14:33:12.287110 UTC

TL;DR - This thesis develops a theoretical foundation for Adam, explaining its convergence behavior and effectiveness on Transformers. It also introduces Adam-mini, which matches Adam’s performance while reducing optimizer memory by 50%.

  • Adam exhibits a problem-dependent convergence phase transition governed partly by batch-size-dependent hyperparameters and β₂.
  • Transformer Hessians evolve toward near-block-diagonal, highly heterogeneous structures that favor Adam’s diagonal preconditioning.
  • Random matrix theory links this Hessian structure to repeated multiplication of large matrix variables.
  • The findings inform other neural-network optimizers, including Muon.
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