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Parallelism, critical windows, and separations among diffusion language models

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TL;DR - This paper theoretically compares parallel sampling in masked, uniform, and Gaussian diffusion language models. It proves complexity-dependent speedups and the first formal separation showing cases where uniform and Gaussian diffusion require asymptotically fewer forward passes than masked diffusion.

  • Uniform and Gaussian diffusion can sample in a number of forward passes scaling with the distribution’s dual total correlation, which may be much smaller than context length.
  • For a family of random empirical measures, uniform and Gaussian diffusion need and achieve roughly (\widetilde{\Theta}(\sqrt{d})) forward passes.
  • Some approximate score oracles force masked diffusion to use (\widetilde{\Omega}(d)) forward passes on the same family.
  • The separation arises from asymptotically narrower critical sampling windows in masked diffusion, rather than from committing early to token values.

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Parallelism, critical windows, and separations among diffusion language models

arXiv cs.LG Sitan Chen, Liye Wang 2026-09-17 arXiv:2609.20539
Public signals Semantic Scholar citations 0 · Semantic Scholar influential citations 0
Providers: Hugging Face · N/A OpenAlex · N/A Publisher · N/A Semantic Scholar · Citations 0 · Influential citations 0 X · N/A Fetched 2026-09-22 14:20:00.540389 UTC

TL;DR - This paper theoretically compares parallel sampling in masked, uniform, and Gaussian diffusion language models. It proves complexity-dependent speedups and the first formal separation showing cases where uniform and Gaussian diffusion require asymptotically fewer forward passes than masked diffusion.

  • Uniform and Gaussian diffusion can sample in a number of forward passes scaling with the distribution’s dual total correlation, which may be much smaller than context length.
  • For a family of random empirical measures, uniform and Gaussian diffusion need and achieve roughly (\widetilde{\Theta}(\sqrt{d})) forward passes.
  • Some approximate score oracles force masked diffusion to use (\widetilde{\Omega}(d)) forward passes on the same family.
  • The separation arises from asymptotically narrower critical sampling windows in masked diffusion, rather than from committing early to token values.
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