「用初中数学讲明白AI」第5章：万亿道题的考试——大模型怎么训练出来的

TL;DR - An accessible explainer describes how large language models progress from random parameters to useful text generators through next-token prediction at massive scale. It connects core training mechanics with the substantial data, compute, and financial costs involved.

• Pretraining repeatedly computes prediction loss, backpropagates gradients, and updates parameters according to a learning-rate schedule.
• GPT-3-scale training uses tens of terabytes of text, thousands of GPUs, and millions of dollars in estimated costs.
• Decoding methods and temperature control the tradeoff between deterministic, repetitive output and more varied but potentially unreliable text.
• A pretrained model fundamentally continues text; instruction fine-tuning and alignment are needed to make it behave like a helpful assistant.