Safety and security of large language models in healthcare

TL;DR - This Nature Review presents an integrated framework for understanding safety and security risks arising from rapid LLM adoption in clinical care. It matters because managing these risks requires protections and clearly assigned responsibilities throughout the development and deployment lifecycle.

• Maps emerging LLM safety and security risks across development stages.
• Organizes protective measures into key layers within a unified framework.
• Highlights threats specifically relevant to clinical environments.
• Examines current responsibilities for mitigating healthcare LLM risks.