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Understanding Evolution Strategies for LLM Reasoning: Broader Reasoning Coverage than GRPO

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TL;DR - This paper finds that Evolution Strategies (ES) provide broader LLM reasoning coverage than GRPO, improving Pass@K while avoiding GRPO’s entropy collapse. A sequential GRPO-ES strategy combines strong Pass@1 performance with greater solution diversity.

  • Verifier-projected Jensen-Shannon diversity across the ES population is theoretically and empirically associated with higher Pass@K.
  • ES improves Pass@1 while achieving higher Pass@K than GRPO, which exhibits entropy collapse.
  • ES gains arise from a sparse subset of large-magnitude parameter updates despite substantial whole-model drift, without necessarily causing catastrophic forgetting.
  • Larger LLMs require smaller ES population sizes, informing more efficient hyperparameter design.

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Understanding Evolution Strategies for LLM Reasoning: Broader Reasoning Coverage than GRPO

arXiv cs.LG Yunpeng Ba, Zhi Zheng, Yue Xie, Jiaqing Li, Xialiang Tong, Tao Zhong, Mingxuan Yuan, Zhichao Lu, Xuyang Wu, Zhenkun Wang 2026-08-27 arXiv:2608.27351
Public signals Hugging Face upvotes 21
Providers: Hugging Face · Upvotes 21 OpenAlex · N/A Publisher · N/A Semantic Scholar · N/A X · N/A Fetched 2026-09-25 14:27:37.127430 UTC

TL;DR - This paper finds that Evolution Strategies (ES) provide broader LLM reasoning coverage than GRPO, improving Pass@K while avoiding GRPO’s entropy collapse. A sequential GRPO-ES strategy combines strong Pass@1 performance with greater solution diversity.

  • Verifier-projected Jensen-Shannon diversity across the ES population is theoretically and empirically associated with higher Pass@K.
  • ES improves Pass@1 while achieving higher Pass@K than GRPO, which exhibits entropy collapse.
  • ES gains arise from a sparse subset of large-magnitude parameter updates despite substantial whole-model drift, without necessarily causing catastrophic forgetting.
  • Larger LLMs require smaller ES population sizes, informing more efficient hyperparameter design.
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