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Through the Looking Glass: Directly Reading and Writing Transformers

Research LLMs & Foundation Models

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Overall 82
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Merged summary

TL;DR - This paper introduces a training-free method for reading and directly editing transformer components using only model parameters and activations. It finds that predictions depend critically on small component subsets and demonstrates targeted, low-cost installation and control of internal associations.

  • Although thousands of components contribute to logits, only 2–16 components can independently suffice for a prediction across tested 124M–7B parameter models.
  • Tracing a prediction backward implicates just 1–3% of the model, a fraction that does not increase with model size.
  • Parameter-derived descriptions identify what components write and read, with read-side identification reaching 58.9% above chance for the eight strongest inputs.
  • New associations and context-dependent edits can be installed in spare units or attention-head/unit circuits at substantially lower held-out-loss cost than rank-one updates.

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Through the Looking Glass: Directly Reading and Writing Transformers

arXiv cs.CL Mark Oskin 2026-09-09 arXiv:2609.10210
Public signals N/A
Providers: Hugging Face · N/A OpenAlex · N/A Publisher · N/A Semantic Scholar · N/A X · N/A Fetched 2026-09-26 14:16:25.306708 UTC

TL;DR - This paper introduces a training-free method for reading and directly editing transformer components using only model parameters and activations. It finds that predictions depend critically on small component subsets and demonstrates targeted, low-cost installation and control of internal associations.

  • Although thousands of components contribute to logits, only 2–16 components can independently suffice for a prediction across tested 124M–7B parameter models.
  • Tracing a prediction backward implicates just 1–3% of the model, a fraction that does not increase with model size.
  • Parameter-derived descriptions identify what components write and read, with read-side identification reaching 58.9% above chance for the eight strongest inputs.
  • New associations and context-dependent edits can be installed in spare units or attention-head/unit circuits at substantially lower held-out-loss cost than rank-one updates.
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